NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) has established reliability standards such as PRC (Protection and Control), MOD (Modeling, Data, and Analysis), and FAC-008-5 to ensure the dependable operation of the North American power grid.

NERC PRC standards primarily focus on the protection and control aspects of the power grid. These standards aim to ensure the coordination and proper functioning of protective relays and control systems. PRC standards help prevent unnecessary tripping of power system components during disturbances, enhancing grid stability and reliability. They require utilities and grid operators to develop protection system coordination programs, periodically review and adjust relay settings, and maintain a robust protection infrastructure. KLS offers regulatory compliance testing for the following PRC standards:

PRC-019: Coordination of Generating Unit or Plant Capabilities, Voltage Regulating Controls, and Protection

PRC-024: Frequency and Voltage Protection Settings for Synchronous Generators, Type 1 and Type 2 Wind Resources, and Synchronous Condensers

PRC-025: Generator Relay Loadability

PRC-026: Relay Performance During Stable Power Swings

PRC-027: Coordination of Protection Systems for Performance During Faults

PRC-028: Disturbance Monitoring and Reporting Requirements for Inverter-Based Resources

PRC-029: Frequency and Voltage Ride-through Requirements for Inverter-Based Resources

PRC-004-6 and Protection System Misoperation Investigations: KLS would review the protection settings and relay event reports and identify what caused each individual trip. A report, detailing the reason for the misoperation of relays will be provided as part of the final deliverables.

2. PSS Tuning and commissioning. Refer to VAR-501 WECC-4

3. NERC MOD standards address the modeling, data, and analysis aspects of grid reliability. These standards ensure that power system models accurately represent the physical characteristics of the grid components, such as generators, transmission lines, and transformers. Accurate modeling is crucial for various grid analyses, including power flow studies, contingency analysis, and reliability assessments. MOD standards mandate utilities to maintain updated and accurate data, facilitate information exchange among grid entities, and perform rigorous analysis to assess and improve the reliability of the power grid. KLS offers regulatory compliance testing for the following MOD standards:

MOD-025: Verification and Data Reporting of Generator Real and Reactive Power Capability and Synchronous Condenser Reactive Power Capability

MOD-026: Verification and Validation of Dynamic Models and Data

MOD-032: Data for Power System Modeling and Analysis KLS team has more than 12 years of experience working with various exciters such as EX2100e, Brush, Basler, and ABB.

4. NERC FAC-008-5 standard ensures the reliable planning and operation of the Bulk Electric System (BES) through thorough documentation of a Generator Owner’s BES equipment ratings, identification of any limiting elements, and calculation of the overall Facility Rating.

KLS will continue to provide our clients with all FAC-008-5 requirements with detailed analysis along with complete evidence collection and retention

KLS can provide our clients with fault analysis for its substation relay trips. KLS utilizes SEL SynchroWAVe and SEL AcSELerator QuickSet software to analyze relay trip events files.

For all NERC facilities that incur a trip resulting in generation losses of 75MW or greater, NERC requires the Generator Owner complete fault analysis reports and the evaluation of any relay mis-operations.

With KLS’ expertise, clients can fulfill their NERC requirements regarding substation trips, and can have assistance regarding fault isolation, relay settings improvements, and the safe re-energization of their equipment.